http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14245 2026-04-22T23:46:22Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/16206 Title: REVIEW Nanoparticles toxicity and their routes of exposures Authors: Yah, Clarence Suh; Simate, Geoffrey Simate; Iyuke, Sunny Esayegbemu Abstract: The new scientific innovation of engineering nanoparticles (NPs) at the atomic scale of 100 nm or less, has led to numerous novel and useful wide applications in electronics, chemicals, environmental protection, biological medicine. Manufacturers and consumers of the nanoparticles-related industrial products however, are likely to be exposed to these engineered nanomaterials which have various physical and chemical properties. These nanosize particles are likely to increase an unnecessary infinite toxicological effect on animals and environment, although their toxicological effects associated with human exposure are still unknown. In order to understand the effects of these exposures, this review seeks to examine the various toxicological portal routes associated with NPs exposures. These NPs can enter the host systems via skin spores, debilitated tissues, injection, olfactory, respiratory and intestinal tracts. These uptake routes of NPs may be intentional or unintentional. Their entry may lead to various diversified adverse biological effects. Until a clearer picture emerges, the limited data available suggest that caution must be exercised when potential exposures to NPs are encountered. Methods used in determining NPs portal of entry into experimental animals include pharyngeal instillation, injection, inhalation, cell culture lines and gavage exposures. This review also provides a step by step systematic approach for the easy identification and addressing of occupational health hazards arising from NPs. 2012-04-29T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/16205 Title: REVIEW Pharmacogenomic approaches in the treatment of breast cancer by tamoxifen Authors: Sidra Ameen; Muhammad Imran Qadir; Bashir Ahmad Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is a highly diverse complaint rather than sole disease consisting of several markers linked to typical features of tissues, medical assessment and reaction to treatment. Mutation in RAS/MEK/ERK and PI3KAKT-mTOR pathway is involved in pathogenesis of BC. Application of pharmacogenomics will lead to individualization of therapy, which is totally contrast to nowadays clinical practice, in which drug’s effects are studied on large group of patient regardless of their genetic based difference. The genetic differences in persons affect the therapeutic action and concentration of Tamoxifen in each individual. Therefore, it is, concluded to choose best drug regimen for each patient on individual basis and to circumvent the patient by toxic effect of drug. 2012-04-28T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/16203 Title: REPORT Antimicrobial activities of rhizomes of Polygonatum verticillatum: Attributed to its total flavonoidal and phenolic contents Authors: Haroon Khan; Muhammad Saeed; Naveed Muhammad; Rukhsana Ghaffar; Khan, Saeed Ahmad; Sohail Hassan Abstract: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the rhizomes of Polygonatum verticillatum against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Broad spectrum antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the crude extract of the plant and its subsequent solvent fractions; predominantly against Gram-negative bacteria. MICs of the extracts against Escherchia coli, Salmonella typhi and Shigella flexeneri were in the range of 1.5-40 µg/ml, 03-06 µg/ml and 03-40 µg/ml, respectively. The only sensitive Gram-positive bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus with MICs in the range of 75-80 µg/ml. The fungicidal activity was limited to Microspoum canis and Fusarium solani and the MICs were in the range of 350-360 µg/mL and 190-290 µg/ml respectively. The various fractions of rhizomes contained significant concentration of total flavonoidal and total phenolic contents that could be responsible for the current findings. 2012-04-27T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/16202 Title: REPORT Phytochemical screening, and assessment of ameliorating effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea on drug induced hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats Authors: Anthony, Ogbonnaya Enyinnaya; Mbuh, Awah Francis; Emmanuel, Mounmbegna Philippe Abstract: Phytochemical screening of stem bark and leaves of Gmelina arborea; and effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea stembark on hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats was assessed in this study. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the air-dried leaf, oven-dried leaf, air-dried stembark and oven-dried stembark samples. Sixty five (65) wister albino rats, (50.7-117.5g) were divided into thirteen groups of five animals each. Three groups serve as Controls and were administered Cisplatin (5mg/kg b.w; i.p), Paracetamol (200mg/kg b.w; i.p) and Normal saline (0.002ml/kg b.w; oral). Other groups were administered, either, cisplatin and extracts (1g/kg b.w; oral); Paracetamol and extracts (1g/kg b.w; oral); extracts alone; or drugs and combination of extracts. Animals were starved, 24 hours prior to sacrifice and sacrificed on the 9th day after commencement of treatment. Phytochemical screening results show the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, cyanogenic glycoside, phytate, and carbohydrate. Saponin and carbohydrate were shown to be much higher in concentration than other phytochemicals. The percentage composition of cyanogenic glycoside and phytate were highest in air-dried stembark and oven-dried leaf samples, respectively. All the Gmelina arborea extracts and extract mixture administered to both paracetamol and cisplatin treated animals, significantly, lowers both the activities of the SGOT and SGPT, and the levels of serum creatinine and urea. When administered alone, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts show little or no sign of toxicity. Thus Gmelina arborea extracts may have ameliorating effect on hepatic and renal insufficiency caused by paracetamol and cisplatin respectively, and any inherent toxicity may be reduced or eliminated through adequate heat treatment. 2012-04-26T00:00:00Z