http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/19281 2026-04-23T00:17:24Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/19752 Title: Removal of Reactive Blue 19 from Wastewaters by Physicochemical and Biological Processes-A Review Authors: MARIA SIDDIQUE; ROBINA FAROOQ; ASHRAF SHAHEEN Abstract: The developments for the removal of reactive blue 19 dye (RB 19) by various physicochemical methods such as sonolysis, photocatalysis, electrochemical, ozonolysis, adsorption, hydrolysis and biological methods like microbial degradation, biosorption, chemical and biological reductive decolorization has been presented. It was found that none of the individual physical and chemical technique can be used in wastewater treatment with good economics and high energy efficiency. For example, the application of adsorption method is restricted as adsorbent materials requires frequent regenerations; ozonolysis and photocatalysis processes can efficiently decolorize and degrade the dye but these face operational difficulties are not cost effective. Similarly the performance of biological treatment processes is required to enhance by developing efficient strains of bacteria, fungi. The comparison of physiochemical and biological treatment of RB 19 dye suggested that biological treatment of RB 19 dye is comparatively cost-effective process. However, the integrated approach can be used to decolorize and degrade the dye by combining both physicochemical and biological processes. 2011-04-26T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/19751 Title: Effect of Season and Soil Concentration on the Uptake of Minerals in Spinacia Oleracea Authors: AVED ABBAS BANGASH; MUHAMMAD ARIF; FAIZULLAH KHAN; FARIDULLAH KHAN; IQBAL HUSSAIN Abstract: To study the effect of season and soil concentration on the uptake of minerals in Spinacia oleracea, it was grown on minerals chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) supplemented soil both in winter and summer seasons, respectively. For this purpose a plot was prepared having 12 sub-boxes. Spinacia oleracea was grown in these boxes and supplemented either with individual element or combination of elements except in box-12 for comparison. Before sowing seeds, soil samples were taken and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), texture, lime content (CaCO₃), potassium, phosphorus and concentrations of extractable heavy metals (Cr, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mg and Fe). Irrigation water was also analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chloride, sulphate and Cr, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mg and Fe concentrations. After harvesting vegetable samples were dried, acid digested and analyzed for Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mg on Hitachi Zeeman Japan Z-8000, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Chromium, zinc, copper, magnesium and iron contents were increased in all summer vegetables. The increase was quite marked suggesting that summer season is more suitable for enhancing the contents of these minerals than winter. The present study was an attempt to see whether it is possible to enhance the level of nutritionally and therapeutically important minerals in vegetables to reduce their serving size. The study revealed that it is possible. 2011-04-25T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/19750 Title: Correlation of COD and BOD of Domestic Wastewater with the Power Output of Bioreactor Authors: ABDUL MAJEED KHAN; ATAULLAH; AZRA SHAHEEN; IJAZ AHMAD; FAZAL MALIK; HAFIZ ABDULLAH SHAHID Abstract: This research article deals with the studies on the development of the correlation of COD, BOD, and BOD5 of domestic wastewater (DWW), and fermented domestic wastewater (FDWW) with the power output of the microbial fuel cell (MFC). The fermentation of DWW was carried out with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and yogurt bacteria (Streptococcus lactis) to produce biohydrogen which was converted to the electrical energy through the development of microbial fuel cell (MFC). The values of COD, BOD, and BOD5 for yogurt fermented domestic wastewater (Yogurt-FDWW) were found to be greater than the values of yeast fermented domestic wastewater (Yeast-FDWW). The power output of DWW and FDWW was increased with the increase in COD, BOD and BOD₅ values. The main objective of this article is to develop the renewable alternative of fossil fuels which are the major cause of global warming and global pollution 2011-04-24T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/19749 Title: Synthesis and Applications of Triazinyl Based Reactive Red Dyes Authors: KHALID PERVEZ BHATTI; MUHAMMAD ZUBER Abstract: A series of mono and di-chlorotriazinyl based reactive red dyes were synthesized containing the common H-acid nucleus with different reactive coupling groups-sulfanilic acid, metanilic acid, orthanilic acid, anthranilic acid and tobias acid. These syntheses were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The solubility of the synthesized dyes was investigated in water at various temperatures. Their Spectrophotometric data indicated significant alteration in their λmax values which corresponded to the nature of the substituents (-SO₃H₃ -COOH) of the diazocomponents used. The bi-functional bridged reactive dyes, containing the derivatives of anthranilic acid (KPR-15, KPR-16) showed the highest secondary exhaustion degree from the dyebath while derivatives of tobias acid showed the highest fixation ratio (KPR-19, KPR-20). The improved fastness properties of perspiration, washing and light were investigated. The fabrics with an intense color and good characteristics were obtained, thus presenting a possibility for the extension of usually applied reactive red dyes. 2011-04-23T00:00:00Z