http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14242 Thu, 05 Mar 2026 20:15:03 GMT 2026-03-05T20:15:03Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14364 Title: ENHANCED LOCAL ANESTHETIC ACTION OF MEPIVACAINE FROM THE BIOADHESIVE GELS Authors: CHO, CHEONG-WEON; CHOI, JUN-SHIK; SHIN, SANG-CHUL Abstract: Mepivacaine, an amide-type local anesthetic, has been used to relieve local pain. Among the many drug delivery systems, transdermal drug delivery has some advantages, as it provides controlled drug delivery for an extended period of time. To develop new gel formulations that have suitable bioadhesion, the bioadhesive force of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was assessed using an auto-peeling tester. The effect of drug concentration on drug release from 2% HPMC gel was studied using synthetic cellulose membrane at 37±0.5°C. The drug concentrations tested were 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%. The effect of temperature on drug release from the 2% drug gel was evaluated at 27, 32, 37 and 42°C. To increase the skin permeation of mepivacaine from HPMC gel, enhancers such as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, pyrrolidones, propylene glycol derivatives, glycerides, and non-ionic surfactants were incorporated into the mepivacaine-HPMC gels. The enhancing effect of the enhancer on drug permeation was then examined in the modified Keshary-Chien cell. For the efficacy study, the anesthetic action of the formulated mepivacaine gel containing enhancer and vasoconstrictor was evaluated with the tail-flick analgesimeter. Among the various kinds of HPMC, HPMC-K100M gel showed the highest viscosity and bioadhesive force. As the viscosity of the HPMC gels increased, the bioadhesive forces increased. Increasing the drug concentration or temperature increased the drug release rate. Among the enhancers used, polyoxyethylene 2-oleyl ether showed the greatest enhancement of permeation. Based on the area under the efficacy curve of the rat tail flick test curve, mepivacaine gel containing polyoxyethylene 2-oleyl ether and tetrahydrozoline showed prolonged and increased local anesthetic action compared to the control. For bioadhesive mepivacaine gels with enhanced local anesthetic action, mepivacaine gels containing penetration enhancer and vasoconstrictor could be developed with the bioadhesive polymer, HPMC. Sun, 16 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14364 2011-01-16T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14363 Title: ANTI-MYCOBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) AGAINST MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT AND NON-MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS Authors: HANNAN, ABDUL; IKRAM ULLAH, MUHAMMAD; USMAN, MUHAMMAD; HUSSAIN, SHAHID; ABSAR, MUHAMMAD; JAVED, KHURSHEED Abstract: Emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB throughout the developing world is very disturbing in the present scenario of TB management. There is a fundamental need to explore alternative anti-TB agents. Hence natural plants should be investigated to understand their antimicrobial properties and safety. Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of natural plant which possesses variety of biological properties like anti-tumor, anti-hyperlipedemic and anti-microbial etc. The present study was evaluated for antibacterial activity of garlic against non-MDR and MDR isolates of M. tuberculosis. A total of 20 clinical isolates of MTB including 15 MDR and 5 non-MDR were investigated. Ethanolic extract of garlic was prepared by maceration method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed by using 7H9 middle brook broth dilution technique. MIC of garlic extract was ranged from 1 to 3 mg/ml; showing inhibitory effects of garlic against both non-MDR and MDR M. tuberculosis isolates. Alternate medicine practices with plant extracts including garlic should be considered to decrease the burden of drug resistance and cost in the management of diseases. The use of garlic against MDR-TB may be of great importance regarding public health. Sat, 15 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14363 2011-01-15T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14362 Title: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF GUANIDINOACETATE-NMETHYLTRANSFERASE (GAMT) AND CREATINE TRANSPORTER (SLC6A8) GENE BY USING DENATURING HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (DHPLC) AS A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF HUMAN MALE INFERTILITY Authors: IQBAL, FURHAN; BELLARMINE ITEM, CHIKE; RATSCHMANN, RENE; ALI, MUHAMMAD; PLAS, EUGEN; BODAMER, OLAF Abstract: The creatine/phosphocreatine system is essential for cellular phosphate coupled energy storage and production, particularly in tissues subject to high metabolic demands. Male factor infertility is a common condition with unknown etiology in most of the cases. Sperm abnormalities could possibly lead to infertility. As sperm motility depends on intact mitochondrial function and energy levels. Thus reduced intracellular creatine stores may contribute to decreased sperm motility leading to male infertility as creatine /phosphocreatine system plays major role in making and breaking of ATP, thus in energy kinetics. We developed and validated a denaturing high performance liquid chromatograph (DHPLC) method for the molecular analysis of SLC6A8 and GAMT genes involve in creatine biosynthesis and transport as a possible source of human male infertility by analyzing DNA from 64, clinically confirmed, infertile men. No mutation/polymorphism was detected in the exonic regions of both genes in all the patients and in fertile healthy controls indicating that SLC6A8 and GAMT genes may not be directly involved in human male infertility. Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14362 2011-01-13T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14361 Title: HARMACOKINETICS AND DOSAGE REGIMEN OF CIPROFLOXACIN FOLLOWING SINGLE INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION IN TEDDY GOATS Authors: IQBAL, ZAHID; JAVED, IJAZ; BASIT, ABDUL; JAN, IBADULLAH; KHAN, AMIR ALI Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of ciprofloxacin in Teddy goats. Ciprofloxacin was administered intramuscularly at 5 mg/kg body weight in each of eight animals. Following drug administration, blood samples were collected at different time intervals and analyzed for ciprofloxacin using HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using two compartment open model. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of ciprofloxacin, 1.77 ± 0.20 µg/ml was achieved at 0.90 ± 0.04 hours (Tmax). Values for half-life of absorption (t1/2 abs), distribution (t1/2 α) and elimination (t1/2 ß) were 0.52 ± 0.04, 0.52 ± 0.04 and 2.62 ± 0.39 hours, respectively. The value for apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 3.76 ± 0.92 l/kg, area-under-the-curve (AUC) 5.89 ± 0.91µg.hr/ml and total body clearance (CL) was 1.09 ± 0.11 l/hr/kg. Based on these results, it was concluded that calculated dose should be higher than the dose recommended by the manufacturer to treat susceptible bacteria in goats. Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/14361 2011-01-13T00:00:00Z