Pediatric oropharyngeal candidiasis: A comprehensive study on risk factors and most prevalent species of Candida

Abstract

Oropharyngeal candidiasis is caused by opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida. Decreased immune level whether in immunocompromised patients or in extreme age groups facilitate the progression of disease in vulnerable individuals. Current study focusses on evaluation of most prevalent species of Candida in pediatric patients and also assesses risk factors causing oropharyngeal candidiasis. Total of 1152 pediatric patients previously diagnosed with oropharyngeal candidiasis from rural areas of District Bahawalpur were included in this study. Oral clinical swab samples were collected from these patients. From collected clinical swab samples, isolation, characterization and identification of Candida spp. was carried out to assess most prevalent species. Questionnaire was filled, with prior patients consent, for assessment of risk factors associated with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Candida albicans was the most prevalent species with 68.6% prevalence, while C. lusitaniae (a nonalbicans) was the least prevalent with 0.4% prevalence. Among other non-albicans, C. glabrata counted 12.9%, C. tropicalis 5.6%, C. krusei 8.5%, C. parapsilosis 3.1% and C. dublineiensis 1.1%. Associated risk factors included hygienic status of mother, patient’s cleanliness and economic condition of the parents. Being disease of infancy, oropharyngeal candidiasis, is the oral infection with many episodes of relapse in pediatric patients and if not addressed properly may lead to severe invasive and noninvasive infections. There is dire need of integrated efforts to reduce the burden of infections in pediatrics specially and common population in general, by adopting various steps including more awareness programs, increasing economic status of the people, patient counselling and many other steps in rural areas.